Emisi Pesawat Terbang Berbahaya untuk Kesehatan !

Tetesan bahan bakar pesawat bisa menjadi partikel yang membahayakan kesehatan manusia.

Temuan tim peneliti dari Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, menunjukkan bahwa emisi pesawat terbang saat sedang parkir dengan mesin menyala di gerbang terminal atau ketika antri untuk lepas landas (takeoff) mengeluarkan tetesan minyak yang amat kecil. Tetesan itu mengalami reaksi kimia ketika matahari menyinarinya dan menyebabkannya berubah menjadi partikel sangat kecil yang bisa menyusup masuk ke paru-paru, bahkan otak manusia.

Tim yang dipimpin Allen Robinson itu mengambil sampel uap pembuangan dari pesawat kargo militer KC-135. Sampel tersebut ditempatkan dalam tas berlapis teflon. Kemudian, mereka melakukan proses foto oksidasi (proses penyusutan permukaan polimer dalam oksigen atau ozon) dengan mengekspos sampel dalam tas terhadap sinar matahari atau sinat ultraviolet.

Hasilnya, sampel tetesan minyak tadi berubah menjadi partikel padat yang sangat kecil dalam jumlah banyak. Ukurannya cukup kecil untuk masuk ke dalam paru-paru atau otak orang yang bekerja atau tinggal di sekitar bandar udara.

Di sisi lain, emisi yang dihasillkan pesawat yang sedang bergerak atau ketika terbang, sebagian besar cenderung berupa partikel padat yang tidak akan bereaksi ketika terkena sinar matahari. Oleh karena itu, tidak ada bahaya kesehatan lain yang mengancam selain bahaya polusi yang sudah diketahui.

Hasil studi yang dipublikasikan dalam Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ini menggarisbawahi fakta bahwa polusi pesawat terbang, khususnya yang terjadi di bandar udara, memiliki perbedaan mencolok dengan penghasil polusi lain seperti mobil dan pabrik dalam hal belum adanya tindakan yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi jumlahnya.

Selain itu, studi tersebut juga menunjukkan polusi udara yang terjadi di bandar udara jauh lebih berbahaya dari yang diperkirakan sebelumnya. Namun karena temuan ini baru, belum ada penelitian lain yang memastikan pengaruhnya terhadap tubuh manusia apabila partikel yang sangat kecil itu terhirup manusia secara teratur.

TIPS TO BE A GOOD WRITER

• Even if you are young and love to write, you should try and showcase your writing in many competitions, so you have a better chance in winning. If you don't win, it's okay. We all have different opinions! But you should look over your piece and edit so you won't make the same mistake again.
• Make a list of characters and a list of ideas and carry your NOTEBOOK around you all the time, you never know when you'll have an idea!
• Get some peace and quiet and try to clear your head and focus.
• Have a mystery going on and have the characters trying to solve it! It doesn't have to be a mystery story, but the characters might not know what's happening even if the reader does.
• Once you finish your book dedicate it to someone special to you. E.g To Christina my love.
• If you're having trouble developing characters, ask yourself if your characters have any pets or if they have any deep secrets or their favorite thing to eat and their hobbies. Get to know them like your best friends!
• Always have a pen or a pencil and a notebook.
• Once you finish, copy all of your story on the computer for easier editing and eventually publishing!
• Don't worry if you make a mistake, nobody's perfect. Try to get your parents or teachers to proofread your work too.
• When you are out in the streets and you see someone looking sad ask yourself why this might be and make up a story about it. Maybe you see two girls giggling and making fun of a poor girl, you can work out their story easily. You don't have to know these people, just pretend!

STEPS, HOW TOBE A GOOD WRITER

1. 1
   Decide what sort of story you want to write and how it's going to develop (turn out). It's fun to surprise yourself, but it's easy to write yourself into a corner without some kind of plan.
2. 2
   

   It can sometimes be difficult to get ideas.
   It can sometimes be difficult to get ideas. But really, ideas are everywhere- even in our dreams. Look around, but also look inside yourself, for inspiration. Read other well written books, and even a funny happening in life could give you an idea.
3. 3
   

   This is during the past times.
   Decide what tense the story will be in. Past, present, or future? Will you be telling it, or the person in the book. (Eg, you: Katie Opened the large metal door, hoping to find her dreams. eg: The character: I opened the large metal door hoping to find my dreams.)
4. 4
   

   Stay in touch with the real world- read newspapers and the internet.
   Stay in touch with the real world- read newspapers and the internet. Broadening your reality will improve your ability to share an alternate reality- your story!
5. 5
   

   A dictionary to help build vocabulary.
   Start building up your vocabulary. Every book has to have some big words in it. Read books, newspapers and do well in English at school.
6. 6
   When you know what your story is about think carefully about your main characters. Get to know them. Not just their age and clothes and hairstyle but every aspect of their personality. The more real they are to you, the easier it will be to predict their actions in the circumstances you put them in. They might even surprise you! Try to find pictures on the internet similar to what your character will look like.Or even draw him/her/it out. Use a sim program to create a more sturdy picture of human characters.
7. 7
   

   A sad dog.
   Try to have some sad chapters or sad endings. We all like happy things to happen but sometimes stories are LESS interesting if it's happy all the time. Tragedy is how characters grow- think about how you've handled things when you had problems, and how you could have handled them better. Give your characters a chance to grow, too.
8. 8
   Try to have a strong beginning, a good middle and a proper ending, but if you get fed up or bored half way through, don't worry! Leave your story for a couple of days to see if you can get new ideas, but if you don't get any, don't give up! Look to your plan, and ask yourself what the characters need to do to go from where they are to where they need to be. Ideas will come!
9. 9
   For virtually every published author, there are hundreds of rejection notices that they have accrued over the years of writing. Don't give up! Keep writing, and eventually, you'll find a publisher willing to publish your story. Or you can start a website, and share your work with others that way. Having people you don't know enjoying your stories can be a great feeling! You might even meet other aspiring authors. In any case, keep your old stories for more ideas and to show you how much you've grown!

Happiness — it's what we all strive to find and keep, even when it's as elusive as ever. Nobody is happy all the time, but some people are definitely more fulfilled than others. Studies reveal that happiness has little to do with material goods or high achievement; it boils down to your outlook on life, the quality of your relationships, and basic amenities like good governance and community resources. Read on for more tips and tricks on how to unlock the happier you.

Steps

1. 1
   Be optimistic. In the 70s, researchers followed people who'd won the lottery and found that a year afterward, they were no happier than people who didn't. This hedonic adaptation^[1] suggests that we each have a baseline level of happiness. No matter what happens, good or bad, the effect on our happiness is temporary, and we tend to revert to our baseline level. Some people have a higher baseline happiness level than others, and that is due in part to genetics, but it's also largely influenced by how you think.^[2]
   
   
   
   • Add up all the little happy things that happen to you during the day. For example, there was no traffic on the road, you had a nice breakfast, your friend said something funny that made you laugh, you took your dog for a walk in the park and played with it. All of these added together account to one big happiness.
   • Look at the glass half-full instead of half-empty. Your girlfriend break up with you? Now you have a chance to meet someone else! You lose your job? Now you have the opportunity to find a better one! Adjust your mentality so that, in everything that happens to you, there's some kernel of good.
   • Put yourself in situations where good things are likely to happen to you. It's easier to stay optimistic if you set yourself up for success. Cheating on a partner, or stealing a bike — while temporarily thrilling — rarely end well for any party involved. Ask yourself before you act: Am I setting myself up for success or for failure?
   • Think of your current situation (however hard it may be) and then think of how much harder some other people have it. Just be happy that you are not in that worse situation. Learn to enjoy your life!
2. 2
   Follow your gut. In one study, two groups of people were asked to pick a poster to take home. One group was asked to analyze their decision, weighing pros and cons, and the other group was told to listen to their gut. Two weeks later, the group that followed their gut was happier with their posters than the group that analyzed their decisions.^[3] Now, some of our decisions are more crucial than picking out posters, but by the time you're poring over your choice, the options you're weighing are probably very similar, and the difference will only temporarily affect your happiness.
   • Next time you have a decision to make, and you're down to two or three options, just pick the one that feels right, and go with it. Never regret the decisions you make, though. Just live by the 3 C's of life: choices, chances, and changes. You need to make a choice to take a chance, or your life will never change.
3. 3
   Make enough money to meet basic needs: food, shelter, and clothing. In the US, that magic number is $60,000 a year. Any money beyond that will not necessarily make you happier. Remember the lottery winners mentioned earlier? Oodles of money didn't make them happier. Once you make enough to support basic needs, your happiness is not significantly affected by how much money you make, but by your level of optimism.^[4]
   
   
   
   • Your comfort may increase with your salary, but comfort isn't what makes people happy. It makes people bored. That's why it's important to push beyond your comfort zone to fuel personal growth.
4. 4
   Treat your body like it deserves to be happy. It may sound cheesy to say, but your brain isn't the only organ in your body that deserves to be happy. Researchers have found that exercise, healthy diets, and regular sleep are key factors in growing more happy and staying that way.
   
   
   
   • People who are physically active have higher incidences of enthusiasm and excitement.^[5][6] Scientists hypothesize that exercise causes the brain to release chemicals called endorphins that elevate our mood.
   • Eat right. Eating healthy foods — fruits and vegetables, lean meats and proteins, whole grains, nuts, and seeds — gives your body and brain the energy it needs to be healthy. Some scientists speculate that unhealthy diets, especially those rich in processed carbohydrates, sugars, and industrial vegetable fats, is responsible for brain shrinkage and certain brain diseases like depression and dementia.^[7]
   • Get enough sleep. Study after study confirms it: the more sleep you get, the happier you tend to be.^[8][9] Getting just a single extra hour of sleep per night makes the average person happier than making $60,000 more in annual income, astoundingly enough.^[10] So if you're middle-aged, shoot to get at least eight hours of sleep per night; the young and elderly should shoot for 9 to 11 hours of sleep per night.^[11]
5. 5
   Stay close to friends and family: Or move to where they are, so you can see them more. We live in a mobile society, where people follow jobs around the country and sometimes around the world. We do this because we think salary increases make us happier, but in fact our relationships with friends and family have a far greater impact on happiness. So next time you think about relocating, consider that you'd need a salary increase of over $100,000 USD to compensate for the loss of happiness you'd have from moving away from friends and family.^[12]
   
   
   
   • If relationships with family and friends are unhealthy or nonexistent, and you are bent on moving, choose a location where you'll make about the same amount of money as everyone else; according to research, people feel more financially secure (and happier) when on similar financial footing as the people around them, regardless of what that footing is.^[13]
6. 6
   Be compassionate. Compassion is all about doing something kind for someone in need, or someone less privileged than yourself. A brain-imaging study (where scientists peek into people's brains while they act or think) revealed that people gain as much happiness from watching others give to charity as they do receiving money themselves!^[14]
   • Think of easy, quick, and effective ways that you can make your community a better place by being compassionate:
     
     • Tutor, volunteer, or get involved in a church group. Countless children are looking for someone to teach them and act as a role model.
     • Make a microloan. A microloan is when you give someone (usually in the developing world) a very small sum of money for an economic project of their own. Many microloans have 95%+ repayment rates.^[15]
     • Give a person in need food, clothing or shelter. It's so basic we often forget to think about it, yet so easy to do.
7. 7
   Have deep, meaningful conversations. A study by a psychologist at the University of Arizona has shown that spending less time participating in small talk and more time in deep, meaningful conversations can increase happiness. ^[16] So next time you're beating around the bush with a friend, instead cut right to the chase. You'll be happier for it.
   
   
   
8. 8
   Find happiness in the job you have now: Many people expect the right job or career to dramatically change their level of happiness. But research makes it clear that your levels of optimism and quality of relationships eclipse the satisfaction gained from your job.^[17]
   • If you have a positive outlook, you will make the best of any job; and if you have good relationships, you won't depend on your job for a sense of meaning. You'll find meaning in interactions with the people you care about. You'll use your job as a crutch instead of relying on it for meaning.
   • This is not to say you shouldn't aspire to get a job that will make you happier; many people find that being on the right career path is a key determination in their overall happiness. It just means you should understand that the capacity of your job to make you happy is quite small when compared to your outlook and your relationships.
9. 9
   Smile: Science suggests that when you smile, whether you're happy or not, your mood is elevated. ^[18][19] So smile all the time if you can! Smiling is like a feedback loop: smiling reinforces happiness, just as happiness causes smiling. People who smile during painful procedures reported less pain than those who kept their facial features neutral.^[19]
   
   
   
10. 10
    Forgive: In a study of college students, an attitude of forgiveness contributed to better cardiovascular health. You could say forgiveness literally heals the heart. While it is unknown how forgiveness directly affects your heart, the study suggests that it may lower the perception of stress.^[20]
    
    
    
11. 
    
    Make friends. In a 2010 study published by Harvard researchers in American Sociological Review, people who went to church regularly reported greater life satisfaction than those who didn't. The critical factor was the quality of friendships made in church. Church-goers who lacked close friends there were no happier than people who never went to church. When researchers compared people who had the same number of close friends, those who had close friends from church were more satisfied with their lives.^[21]
    • The difference is the forming of friendships based on mutual interests and beliefs. So if church is not your thing, consider finding something else you're deeply passionate about, making friends with those who share similar interests.
    • When you interact with people who share your interests, you feel happier due to sensations of reward and well-being. This is because during such interactions, endorphin and dopamine — neurotransmitters responsible for feelings of happiness and relaxation — are released into the body. In other words, your body is designed to feel happier when engaged in social interactions.

Bahaya Emisi Karbondioksida

Salah satu penyebab global warming adalah emisi karbon dioksida yang sangat tinggi. Emisi ini dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Menurut struktur kimianya, bahan bakar yang juga disebut hidrokarbon terdiri dari rantai ataom karbon dan hidrogen. Jika hidrokarbon ini dibakar dengan oksigen, maka akan menghasilkan karbondioksida dan uap air. Tetapi jika pembakarannya tidak sempurna maka akan dihasilkan juga karbonmonoksida yang sangat beracun. Sumber utama penghasil emisi karbondioksida secara global ada 2 macam. Pertama, pembangkit listrik bertenaga batubara. Pembangkit listrik ini membuang energi 2 kali lipat dari energi yang dihasilkan. Semisal, energi yang digunakan 100 unit, sementara energi yang dihasilkan 35 unit. Maka, energi yang terbuang adalah 65 unit! Setiap 1000 megawatt yang dihasilkan dari pembangkit listrik bertenaga batubara akan mengemisikan 5,6 juta ton karbondioksida per tahun! Kedua, pembakaran kendaraan bermotor. Kendaraan yang mengonsumsi bahan bakar sebanyak 7,8 liter per 100 km dan menempuh jarak 16 ribu km, maka setiap tahunnya akan mengemisikan 3 ton karbondioksida ke udara! Bayangkan jika jumlah kendaraan bermotor di Jakarta lebih dari 4 juta kendaraan! Berapa ton karbondioksida yang masuk ke atmosfer per tahun? Penting diingat, emisi Gas Rumah Kaca harus dikurangi! Jadi harus dibangun sistem industri dan transportasi yang TIDAK bergantung pada bahan bakar fosil (minyak bumi dan batu bara). Kalau perlu, TIDAK menggunakannya SAMA SEKALI! Karena Perubahan Iklim adalah masalah global, penyelesaiannya pun mesti secara internasional. Langkah pertama yang dilakukan adalah pembuatan Kerangka Konvensi untuk Perubahan Iklim (Framework Convention on Climate Change) tahun 1992 di Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, yang ditandatangani oleh 167 negara. Kerangka konvensi ini mengikat secara moral semua negara-negara industri untuk menstabilkan emisi karbondioksida mereka. Sayangnya, hanya sedikit negara industri yang memenuhi target. Langkah selanjutnya berarti membuat komitmen yang mengikat secara hukum dan memperkuatnya dalam sebuah protokol. Dibuat lah Kyoto Protocol atau Protokol Kyoto. Tujuannya: mengharuskan negara-negara industri menurunkan emisinya secara kolektif sebesar 5,2 persen dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.

I love you Mom

Pagi ini tiada yg lebih mendominasi isi kepalaku selain ingatan tentang Umi di rumah. Mungkin ini terlalu tidak berbudi, mengingat Ibu hanya pada hari Ibu. Bukan itu, tapi memang justru aku yg tidak ingin setiap ingatanku tentangnya menjadi bahan tulisanku di blog ini. Kalo aslinya si semua hari adalah hari Ibu. Ibu harusya diingat setiap saat, doa untuknya harus dipanjatkan setiap hari agar Allah selalu memberikan perlindungan dan keselamatan pada Ibu. Apalagi bagi para perantau seperti aku yg ga’ bisa bertemu Ibu setiap hari dan menunjukkan kasih sayang padanya. Selamat deh buat yg saat ini Ibu berada dekat bersama kalian.
Satu lagu dari Yusuf Islam (Cat Steven) yg berjudul ‘Your Mother’ telah mengalirkan air mataku yg aku sendiri sangat sadar bahwa aku sedang benar-benar merindukan Umi. Semua tentangnya mendominasi isi kepalaku dan membuat dadaku sesak, penuh rasa salah dan sedih. Sudah setahun lebih aku tidak bertemu dengannya, juga Aji (panggilan khas daerahku buat orang tua laki-laki yg telah naik haji). Aku pulang kampung terakhir setahun lebih yg lalu saat Idul Fitri tahun 2009, tahun ini aku ga pulang karna alasan ingin menyelesaikan skripsi, biar nanti pulangnya sekalian kalo dah ujian.
Ku membayangkan dapat mengecup kedua tangan manisnya yg tak pernah lelah menengadah mohon doa keselamatan dan kebaikan bagi anak-anaknya. Aku sangat tau Umi, dia selalu mengambil waktu lebih lama disetiap akhir solatnya untuk mendoakan anak-anaknya yg tak satupun berada di dekatnya saat ini. Aku sadar aku belum sempat mekukannya. Bukan kali ini saja, tapi sudah berulang kali. Aku tak punya saudara yg bisa ku bagi perihal kewajiban menjaga dan merawat orangtuaku, karena saudari-saudariku lebih wajib taat pada suami mereka. Itu yg membuatku merasa bersalah, karna di usiaku yg sudah hampir seperempat abad ini, aku masih jauh berada dari mereka. Terakhir aku dapat kabar dari kakakku yg merayakan ‘Iedul Fitri’ kemarin bersama Aji-Umi. Kata kakakku, Umi dah makin keriput, kulit lehernya dah semakin megendor, tak kuasa aku membayangkannya. Banyak obrolan yg Umi sampaikan tentang aku, rindu katanya. Aku hanya mendengar cerita itu dari kakak, sambil tertunduk..
Pulang kampung seakan menjadi cita-cita terbesarku saat ini. Mengingat semua yg wajib kujalankan atas kedua orangtuaku, mengingat tuntunan agama untuk berbakti atas keduanya.

Dan Kami perintahkan kepada manusia (berbuat baik) kepada dua orang Ibu-Bapanya; Ibunya telah mengandungnya dalam keadaan lemah yang bertambah- tambah, dan menyapihnya dalam dua tahun. Bersyukurlah kepadaKu dan kepada dua orang Ibu-Bapakmu, hanya kepada-Kulah kembalimu. (QS. Lukman : 14)
Dari Abu Hurairah Radhiyallahu ‘anhu ia berkata, “Datang seseorang kepada Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam dan berkata, ‘Wahai Rasulullah, kepada siapakah aku harus berbakti pertama kali ?’ Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menjawab, ‘Ibumu!’ Orang tersebut kembali bertanya, ‘Kemudian siapa lagi ?’ Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menjawab, ‘Ibumu!’ Ia bertanya lagi, ‘Kemudian siapa lagi?’ Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menjawab, ‘Ibumu!’, Orang tersebut bertanya kembali, ‘Kemudian siapa lagi, ‘Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menjawab, ‘Bapakmu’ “[Hadits Riwayat Bukhari (Al-Fath 10/401) No. 5971, Muslim 2548]

Semoga bisa menjadi pengingat kita atas Ibu kita, hari ini dan seterusya. Aku sendiri tak punya pilihan lain hanya mendoakannya saat ini, lalu mengambil hape dan menelpon sambil nangis-nangis mengucapkan bahwa aku ingin segera pulang..

amalan di bulan syawal

Bulan Romadhon sudah lewat, tapi bukan berarti amalan-amalan berharga di bulan-bulan lainnya menjadi tidak ada. Di bulan syawal ini, Nbi pernah menuntunkan pada ummatnya terhadap satu amalan sunnah yg besar pahalanya.
Nabi Shollallahu ‘alaihi wasallam bersabda,”Barangsiapa telah berpuasa romadhon, lalu menyambungnya dengan puasa enam hari di bulan syawal, maka (pahalanya) seperti puasa selama satu tahun”. (HR. Muslim:2785).
Wah, rugi tu kalo ga dijalankan. Di zaman sekarang, sangat jarang orang yang melakukan puasa dengan sungguh-sungguh selama satu tahun penuh, bahkan ga ada. Jadi, bagi yg sempat melaksanakannya (tdk ada udzur) laksanakanlah selagi Allah masih memberikan kesempatan kita untuk beribadah di dunia ini.
Cara menjalankannya sama saja dengan puasa di bulan romadhon atau puasa sunnah lainnya. Boleh dijalankan berurutan selama enam hari, atau juga boleh selang-seling asalkan masih dalam bulan syawal, InsyaAllah tidak memberatkan.
Selamat menjalankan…

pengembangan katalis konverter untuk mengatasi emisi berbahaya asap kendaraan bermotor

Pencemaran udara yang terjadi di kota-kota besar telah menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas udara sehingga mengganggu kenyamanan bahkan telah menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan kesehatan. Menurunnya kualitas udara tersebut terutama disebabkan oleh penggunaan bahan bakar fosil untuk sarana transportasi dan industri yang umumnya terpusat di kota-kota besar. Proses pembakaran bahan bakar fosil tersebut sepenuhnya tidak sempurna, sehingga gas hasil buangannya mengandung gas-gas yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Selain itu efek rumah kaca juga menjadi sebab utama atas meningkatnya pencemaran udara, sehingga memicu terjadinya global warming, yaitu meningkatnya suhu permukaan bumi akibat adanya pencemaran di berbagai lingkungan, salah satunya pencemaran udara yang disebabkan oleh meningkatnya produksi polusi udara dari hasil pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Untuk mencegah terjadinya pencemaran udara tersebut perlu dilakukan usaha untuk mengendalikan pencemaran, yaitu dengan mengurangi konsentrasi dari zat-zat berbahaya yang dilepaskan ke lingkungan. Cara yang dilakukan dapat berupa usaha mengkonversikan gas-gas berbahaya tersebut menjadi gas yang ramah lingkungan.
Saat ini sudah banyak dikembangkan berbagai macam teknologi yang ditujukan untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan akibat berbagai aktivitas mesin-mesin kendaraan dan industri. Salah satu penelitian yang dikembangkan adalah mengenai catalytic converter. Catalytic converter merupakan pengembangan dari jenis katalis padatan yang digunakan untuk membantu proses konversi, reduksi dan oksidasi zat-zat berbahaya hasil pembakaran bahan bakar dari mesin kendaraan bermotor dan industri. Pada dasarnya mesin-mesin kendaraan yang ada sudah didesain untuk dapat melakukan pembakaran dengan sempuran terhadap bahan bakar mesin, sehingga zat-zat hasil pembakaran adalah berupa gas H₂O, CO₂ dan NO₂ yang ramah liengkungan. Namun keadaan yang terjadi di lapangan, pembakaran yang terjadi pada mesin kendaraan dan industri selalu tidak sempurna, sehingga zat-zat yang dihasilkan berupa gas-gas beracun yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan dan makhluk hidup, yaitu gas CO, NO_x, HC. Gas CO jika terhirup dan masuk ke dalam saluran pernapasan selanjutnya akan berikatan dengan Haemoglobin (Hb), sehingga mengganggu transport oksigen. Gas NO_x selain berakibat langsung pada kerusakan tanaman dan meracuni manusia, hasil akhir pencemarannya adalah asam nitrat (HNO₃) yang terintersepsi ke dalam lingkungan dalam bentuk garam-garam nitrat dalam air hujan, sehingga terjadilah huja asam. Hujan asam menyebabkan tumbuh-tumbuhan rusak dan mati. Adapun senyawa HC bersifat karsinogenik jika masuk ke dalam jaringan makhluk hidup, dengan oksida nitrogen, HC akan bereaksi secara foto oksidasi membentuk smog.
Selanjutnya dengan adanya katalis konverter adalah untuk mengatasi pencemaran zat-zat berahaya tersebut dengan proses konversi, yaitu mereduksi dan mengoksidasi. Katalis akan mengoksidasi gas CO dan HC menjadi CO₂ dan H₂O, mereduksi gas NO_x  menjadi N₂, O₂ dan NO₂ dengan bantuan sebuah pengemban (media/support) dari bahan alam yang ada di Indonesia, seperti batuan alam Zeolit yang memiliki ketahan termal yang tinggi sehingga tahan pada proses bersuhu tinggi. Logam yang bertindak sebagai katalis sendiri diantaranya adalah Cu (tembaga), Mg (Magnesium), Fe (besi), Mn (Mangan), Pt (Platina), dan lainnya. Selain dibantu dengan adanya pengemban (support), katalis konverter juga terdiri senyawa pereduksi (reduction agent) yang akan bereaksi dengan gas CO, HC dan NO_x, sehingga dihasilkan gas-gas yang ramah lingkungan (H₂O, CO, NO₂). Reduction agent tersebut bisa berupa senyawa NH₃, CH₄ atau senyawa hidro karbon lainnya. Secara teknis katalis konverter akan di letakkan pada saluran pembuangan gas hasil pembakaran pada kendaraan bermotor, yaitu pada bagian knalpot. Pada knalpot tersebut gas-gas hasil pembakaran sebelum keluar ke lingkungan, akan melewati katalis konverter, sehingga terjadi reaksi oksidasi CO dan HC menjadi CO₂ dan H₂O, mereduksi NOx menjadi NO₂. Dengan demikian gas berbahaya hasil pembakaran tak sempurna mesin kendaraan bermotor dapat diminimalisir, sehingga komposisinya di udara menjadi lebih sedikit. Hal ini tentunya akan mengurangi jumlah polutan di udara dan menjadikan lingkungan menjadi lebih bersih dan sehat tidak berpolusi.

MATA HATI

Mata adalah sebuah panca indra yang mempunyai fungsi untuk melihat dan Fungsi Hati merupakan organ dalaman dan kelenjar terbesar di dalam badan manusia yang memainkan peranan penting dalam penyahtoksikan serta metabolisma tubuh, mengatur kadar gula darah,Metabolisme lemak dll, alangkah pentingnya kedua organ ditubuh kita tersebut, lalu kita mengenal sebuah organ tubuh kita yang tidak tampak wujudnya tapi jelas itu ada yaitu mata hati. apakah mata hati itu ada saya menjawab ada tapi bila anda mencari wujud benda yang berbentuk seperti organ tubuh pada umumnya jelas itu tidak dapat diketemukan dalam bentuk wujud.
Mata hati adalah sebuah panca indra yang tidak dapat dikategorikan dalam panca indra karena mata hati adalah indra keenam atau ketujuh, atau keseratus dari indra yang ada ditubuh manusia( kita hanya mengenal lima panca indra yang diantaranya,penciuman,perasa,peraba,penglihatan,pendengaran) tapi tahukah anda bahwa sebenarnya kita memiliki lebih dari itu karena Allah SWT telah menciptakan mahkluknya yang begitu sempurna sehingga kalau kita mengumpulkan seluruh mahluk yang ada dibumi dan dilangit yang semuanya terbaik dalam bidangnya masing2 dan disuruh membuat ciptaan Allah SWT satu saja dan mahluknya adalah seekor nyamuk saja saya yakin tidak akan mungkin sesempurna ciptaan Allah SWT sang maha Pencipta. mata hati adalah kompilasi dari kelima panca indra yang dipadukan oleh kebenaran hakiki yang diberikan sebagai fitrah sang Kholik, kita dapat merasakan suatu kebenaran dalam pandangan mata hati walaupun itu harus berlawanan dengan public opinion dan kita wajib meyakininya walaupun berlawanan dengan kebanyakan orang. begitu pentingnya mata hati sehingga imam Al- Ghazali membuat buku yang berjudul Mukasyafatul Qulub atau “Rahasia Ketajaman Mata Hati

7 tanda orang yang takut kepada Allah

Orang mukmin ialah orang yang takut kepada allah ta'ala dengan menjaga semua anggota tubuhnya. Sebagaimana yang pernah dikatakan abul laits ; "orang yang takut kepada Allah ta'ala terlihat tanda pada 7 macam..."
1. Lidahnya : dicegah mengatakan yang bohong, mengunjin, adu domba, membual atau perkataan yang tidak bermanfaat. Kemudian ia menyibukkan diri dzikir kepada allah, membaca Al Qur'an atau diskusi masalah ilmu.
2. Hatinya : tidak akan mengeluarkan perasaan permusuhan, kedengkian terhadap kawan karena dengki mampu menghapus semua kebajikan.
3. Pandangan : ia tidak akan memandang hal-hal yang haram, dari segi makanan, minuman, pakaian dan lain-lain. Juga memandang dunia tidak berdasarkan kesenangan, melainkan ia memandang sebagai pelajaran.
4. Perut : ia tidak akan memasukkan barang haram ke perutnya, karena hal itu merupakan dosa besar.
5. Tangan : ia tidak akan menjamah barang haram, kecuali hanya mengambil sesuatu yang dapat menambah ketaatan kepada allah ta'ala.
6. Kaki : tidak akan dibuat berjalan kearah kemaksiatan, justru berjalan yang bisa membuat ia semakin taat dan ridlo, yakni berkumpul dengan para ulama dan orang shaleh.
7. Taat : sikap taatnya murni ihlas karena allah ta'ala. Ia takut diselipi sikap riya' dan munafik.

Takut kepada allah

Di tengah kaum bani israil ada seorang ahli ibadah yang memiliki banyak anak. Keadaannya sangat terjepit dan sering dilanda kelaparan. Istrinya lantas diperintah keluar rumah mencari sesuatu yang bisa dimakan oleh keluarga, malah saudagar itu berkata ;

"boleh-boleh saja, asal kamu mau menyerahkan tubuhmu kepadaku".
Seorang istri itu hanya bisa diam. Ia langsung kembali ke rumah, namun di rumah ia mendengar teriakan anak-anaknya;
"ibu... Ibu.... Kami akan mati karena lapar".
Dia lantas pergi ke saudagar kaya. Ia menceritakan tentang anak-anaknya. Dan saudagar hanya berkata ;
"penuhilah keinginanku."
terpaksa sang istri mengangguk.
Di saat saudagar berdua dengannya, tiba-tiba tubuh sang wanita bergetar hebat. Saudagar heran dan bertanya ;
"ada apa denganmu!"
"sesungguhnya aku takut kepada allah".
"dengan keadaan miskin begini masih takut kepada Allah!"

Sementara keadaan dirinya yang kaya raya tidak takut kepada Allah. Maka ia segera sadar dan menyingkir dari wanita itu. Dan dia membawakan banyak makanan untuk anak-anak wanita tersebut.


Kemudian Allah menurunkan wahyu kepada Nabi Musa as.
"berilah kabar kepada si fulan (saudagar) bahwa aku mengampuni dosa-dosanya".
Nabi Musa as. Pun mendatangi saudagar itu ; "apakah engkau telah mengerjakan suatu kebajikan antara kamu dan tuhanmu!"

Iapun menceritakan kisahnya dengan seorang watita. Nabi Musa as. Kemudian berkata, "sesungguhnya Allah Ta'ala mengampuni dosa-dosamu". (fil mujami'il lathoif).

Mata Hari

Mata Hari
Mata Hari on a 1906 postcard
Born	Margaretha Geertruida Zelle 7 August 1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands
Died	15 October 1917 (aged 41) Vincennes, Paris, France
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Nationality	Dutch
Known for	Convicted as a spy in World War I
Spouse(s)	Rudolf John MacLeod (1895–1906)(divorced)
Children	Norman-John MacLeod Jeanne-Louise MacLeod

Margaretha Geertruida "M'greet" Zelle MacLeod (7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a Dutch exotic dancer, courtesan, and convicted spy^[1] who was executed by firing squad in France under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I.^[2]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born in Leeuwarden, Friesland, Netherlands, the eldest of four children of Adam Zelle (2 October 1840 – 13 March 1910) and his first wife Antje van der Meulen (21 April 1842 – 9 May 1891).^[3] She had three brothers. Her father owned a hat shop, made successful investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha a lavish early childhood^[4] that included exclusive schools until the age of 13.^[5]
However, Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced soon thereafter, and her mother died in 1891.^[4][5] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (11 March 1844 – 1 December 1913), with whom he had no children. The family had fallen apart and Margaretha moved to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. In Leiden, she studied to be a kindergarten teacher, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her offended godfather.^[4][5][6] After only a few months, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[6]

Dutch East Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered an advertisement in a Dutch newspaper placed by Dutch Colonial Army Captain Rudolf MacLeod (1 March 1856 – 9 January 1928) who was living in the then Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was looking for a wife. Margaretha married Rudolf in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of the Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Scottish-sounding name) and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. This was significant as the marriage enabled her to move into the Dutch upper class and her finances were placed on a sound footing. They moved to Malang on the East side of the island of Java and had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (30 January 1897 – 27 June 1899) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (2 May 1898 – 10 August 1919).

Her children Louise Jeanne and Norman-John, with his father

The marriage was an overall disappointment.^[7] MacLeod appears to have been an alcoholic who would take out his frustrations on his wife, who was twenty years younger, and whom he blamed for his lack of promotion. He also openly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Dutch East Indies at that time. The disenchanted Margaretha abandoned him temporarily, moving in with Van Rheedes, another Dutch officer. For months, she studied the Indonesian traditions intensively, joining a local dance company. In 1897, she revealed her artistic name: Mata Hari, Indonesian for "sun" (literally, "eye of the day"), from the Sanskrit "goddess" and "god", via correspondence to her relatives in Holland.^[5]
At MacLeod's urging, Margaretha returned to him, although his aggressive demeanour did not change. She escaped her circumstances by studying the local culture.^[5] In 1899, their children fell violently ill from complications relating to the treatment of syphilis contracted from their parents, though the family claimed they were poisoned by an irate servant. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Some sources^[5] maintain that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned a supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to the Netherlands, Rudolf left her in 1902 and took Jeanne with him. The couple divorced in 1907. Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne, but after Rudolf deliberately reneged on a support payment, Margaretha was forced to give Jeanne back to him. Jeanne later died at the age of 21, also possibly from complications relating to syphilis.^[6][8]

Paris

Mata Hari performing in 1905

In 1903, Margaretha moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider, using the name Lady MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. Struggling to earn a living, she also posed as an artist's model.
By 1905, Mata Hari began to win fame as an exotic dancer. She was a contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, leaders in the early modern dance movement, which around the turn of the 20th century looked to Asia and Egypt for artistic inspiration. Critics would later write about this and other such movements within the context of Orientalism. Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[5]
Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[9] She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire Lyon industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded the Musée. She posed as a Java princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending to have been immersed in the art of sacred Indian dance since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this period, nude or nearly so. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened his case in keeping custody of their daughter.

Mata Hari in 1906, wearing only a bra and jewellery

Mata Hari brought this carefree provocative style to the stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled bra and some ornaments upon her arms and head.^[5] She was seldom seen without a bra as she was self-conscious about being small-breasted. She wore a bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to her own skin.^[6]
Although Mata Hari's claims about her origins were fictitious, it was very common for entertainers of her era to invent colorful stories about their origins as part of the show. Her act was spectacularly successful because it elevated exotic dance to a more respectable status, and so broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later to become world famous. Her style and her free-willed attitude made her a very popular woman, as did her eagerness to perform in exotic and revealing clothing. She posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. At the time, as most Europeans were unfamiliar with the Dutch East Indies and thus thought of Mata Hari as exotic, it was assumed her claims were genuine.

Mata Hari in 1910, wearing head jewellery

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was held in disdain by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.^[5]
Mata Hari's career went into decline after 1912. On March 13, 1915, she performed in what would be the last show of her career.^[10] She'd started her career relatively late for a dancer, and had started putting on weight. However, by this time she had become a successful courtesan, though she was known more for her sensuality and eroticism rather than for striking classical beauty. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took her across international borders. Prior to World War I, she was generally viewed as an artist and a free-spirited bohemian, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some as a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a dangerous seductress.

Double agent

Mata Hari in Amsterdam, 1915

During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Margaretha Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avoid the battlefields, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. In 1916, she was travelling by steamer from Spain when her ship called at the English port of Falmouth. There she was arrested and brought to London where she was interrogated at length by Sir Basil Thomson, Assistant Commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of counter-espionage. He gave an account of this in his 1922 book Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working for French Intelligence. Initially detained in Cannon Street police station, she was then released and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. A full transcript of the interview is in Britain's National Archives and was broadcast with Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron on the independent station London Broadcasting in 1980.
It is unclear if she lied on this occasion, believing the story made her sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a way, but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment and international backlash it could cause.
In January 1917, the German military attaché in Madrid transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy, code-named H-21. French intelligence agents intercepted the messages and, from the information it contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. The messages were in a code that some claimed that German intelligence knew had already been broken by the French (in fact it had been broken not by the French, but by the British "Room 40" team), leaving some to claim that the messages were contrived.^[11] However, this same code, which the Germans were convinced was unbreakable^[12] was used to transmit the Zimmerman Telegram; its unintended interception some weeks later precipitated the United States' entry into the war against Germany.

Trial and execution

Mata Hari at her arrest

On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Elysee Palace, on the Champs Elysee (now the HSBC French headquarters), in Paris. She was put on trial on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her. Secret ink was found in her room, which was incriminating evidence in that period. She contended that it was part of her make-up.^[13] She wrote several letters to the Dutch Consul in Paris, claiming her innocence. "My international connections are due of my work as a dancer, nothing else [...]. Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself."^[14] Her defense attorney, veteran international lawyer Edouard Clunet, faced impossible odds; he could not cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or directly question his own witnesses. Under the circumstances, her conviction was a foregone conclusion. She was executed by firing squad on 15 October 1917, at the age of 41.
However, German documents unsealed in the 1970s proved that Mata Hari was truly a German agent. In the autumn of 1915, she entered German service, and on orders of section III B-Chief Walter Nicolai, she was instructed about her duties by Major Roepell during a stay in Cologne. Her reports were to be sent to the Kriegsnachrichtenstelle West (War News Post West) in Düsseldorf under Roepell as well as to the Agent mission in the German embassy in Madrid under Major Arnold Kalle, with her direct handler being Captain Hoffmann, who also gave her the code name H-21.^[15]
In December 1916, the French Second Bureau of the French War Ministry let Mata Hari obtain the names of six Belgian agents: five of whom were suspected of submitting fake material and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected to be a double agent for Germany and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for a trip to Madrid, the double agent was executed by the Germans, while the five others continued their operations. This development served as proof to the Second Bureau that the names of the six spies had been communicated by Mata Hari to the Germans.^[16]

Disappearance and rumours

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Death Comes to Mata Hari

Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris, but in 2000, archivists discovered that the head had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, when the museum had been relocated^{[citation needed]}. Records dated from 1918 show that the museum also received the rest of the body, but none of the remains could later be accounted for.
A 1934 New Yorker article reported that at her execution she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, specially made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves"^[17] though another account indicates she wore the same suit, low-cut blouse and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by her accusers for her to wear at trial, and which was still the only full, clean outfit which she had along in prison.^[8] Neither description matches photographic evidence. According to an eyewitness account by British reporter Henry Wales, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. Wales records her death, saying that after the volley of shots rang out "...Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, and without the slightest change of expression on her face. For the fraction of a second it seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. Then she fell backward, bending at the waist, with her legs doubled up beneath her..." A non-commissioned officer then walked up to her body, pulled out his revolver, and shot her in the head to make sure she was dead.^[18]

Museum

Scrapbook of Mata Hari in the Frisian Museum in Leeuwarden, Netherlands

Statue of Mata Hari in Leeuwarden, Netherlands

The Fries Museum in Leeuwarden, Netherlands exhibits a "Mata Hari Room". Included in the exhibit are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan dance.^[13] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for research into the life and career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen.

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Mata Hari

Exotic dancer

Margaretha Geertruida "M'greet" Zelle MacLeod, better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a Dutch exotic dancer, courtesan, and convicted spy who was executed by firing squad in France under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I. Wikipedia

Born: August 7, 1876, Leeuwarden, Netherlands

Died: October 15, 1917, Vincennes, France

Full name: Margaretha Geertruida Zelle

Nationality: Dutch

Spouse: Rudolf John MacLeod (m. 1895–1907)

Children: Louise Jeanne MacLeod, Norman-John MacLeod